Teleoperation

Bilateral Teleoperation

Bilateral teleoperation is remote robot operation in which information flows both ways: the operator's motions command the remote robot while forces measured or estimated at the remote site are reflected back to the operator's input device as haptic feedback. The scheme creates a closed force loop whose stability degrades with communication delay, studied through passivity theory, wave variables, and time-domain passivity controllers.

Why it matters for physical AI

Force feedback lets operators feel contact during demonstration collection, producing richer data for contact-sensitive tasks, and haptic channels are increasingly logged as training signal alongside vision and proprioception.