Simulation

PyBullet

PyBullet is the Python interface to the Bullet physics engine, developed by Erwin Coumans and Yunfei Bai, providing rigid-body simulation, collision checking, forward and inverse kinematics and dynamics, and URDF loading for robotics research. Free, lightweight, and easy to install, it powered a generation of robot learning benchmarks and sim-to-real studies before GPU-parallel simulators arrived, and it remains popular for prototyping.

Why it matters for physical AI

Accessible simulation lowered the entry barrier for robot learning research, and many reference implementations and benchmarks still target PyBullet, keeping it relevant for reproducing and extending prior work.